Guhumanya ikirere - Igisasu kitagaragara ku Isi

1. Ibidukikije by’umuryango w’abibumbye: Kimwe cya gatatu cy’ibihugu bidafite ubuziranenge bw’ikirere byemewe n'amategeko

Gahunda y’umuryango w’abibumbye ishinzwe ibidukikije yatangaje muri raporo y’isuzuma yasohotse uyu munsi ko kimwe cya gatatu cy’ibihugu by’isi bitigeze bitangaza ko hari ikirere cyemewe n’ubuziranenge bw’ikirere (ibidukikije). Iyo amategeko n'amabwiriza ariho, amahame abigenga aratandukanye cyane kandi akenshi ntaho ahuriye nubuyobozi bwumuryango w’ubuzima ku isi. Byongeye kandi, byibuze 31% by’ibihugu bifite ubushobozi bwo gushyiraho ibipimo ngenderwaho by’ikirere cyo hanze bitarashyira mu bikorwa.

UNEP “Kugenzura ubuziranenge bw’ikirere: Isuzuma rya mbere ry’amategeko agenga ihumana ry’ikirere ku isi” ryashyizwe ahagaragara mbere y’umunsi mpuzamahanga w’ikirere cy’ikirere cy’ikirere. Raporo yasuzumye amategeko agenga ikirere cy’ibihugu 194 n’Umuryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi, anasesengura ibintu byose bigize amategeko n’inzego. Suzuma imikorere y'amategeko abigenga mu kwemeza ko ikirere cyujuje ubuziranenge. Raporo ivuga mu ncamake ibintu by'ingenzi bigomba gushyirwa mu buryo bwuzuye bw’imiyoborere myiza y’ikirere bigomba kwitabwaho mu mategeko y’igihugu, kandi bitanga umusingi w’amasezerano mpuzamahanga ateza imbere iterambere ry’ubuziranenge bw’ikirere hanze.

Kubangamira ubuzima

Ihumana ry’ikirere ryagaragaye na OMS ko ari kimwe mu byangiza ibidukikije byangiza ubuzima bw’abantu. 92% by'abatuye isi baba ahantu usanga ihumana ry’ikirere rirenze imipaka itekanye. Muri bo, abagore, abana ndetse n'abasaza mu bihugu bikennye cyane bahura n'ingaruka zikomeye. Ubushakashatsi buherutse gukorwa bwerekanye kandi ko hashobora kubaho isano iri hagati yo kwandura ikamba rishya no guhumanya ikirere.

Raporo yerekanye ko nubwo OMS yatanze amabwiriza y’ubuziranenge bw’ibidukikije (hanze), nta tegeko rihuriweho kandi rihuriweho kugira ngo rishyire mu bikorwa aya mabwiriza. Nibura byibuze 34% mubihugu, ikirere cyo hanze ntikirakingirwa n amategeko. Ndetse n'ibihugu byashyizeho amategeko abigenga, ibipimo bireba biragoye kubigereranya: 49% by'ibihugu byo ku isi bisobanura rwose ko ihumana ry’ikirere ari iterabwoba ryo hanze, imiterere y’imiterere y’imiterere y’ikirere iratandukanye, kandi kimwe cya kabiri cy’ibihugu Emera gutandukana kurwego rushimishije. bisanzwe.

Inzira ndende

Raporo yerekanye ko inshingano za gahunda zo kugera ku bipimo by’ikirere ku rwego rw’isi nazo zifite intege nke-33% gusa by’ibihugu bituma kubahiriza ubuziranenge bw’ikirere ari itegeko. Kugenzura ubuziranenge bw’ikirere ni ngombwa mu kumenya niba ibipimo byujujwe, ariko byibuze 37% by’ibihugu / uturere ntabwo bisabwa n’amategeko kugira ngo bikurikirane ubuziranenge bw’ikirere. Hanyuma, nubwo ihumana ry’ikirere ritazi imipaka, 31% by’ibihugu byonyine bifite uburyo bwemewe bwo gukemura ikibazo cy’ikirere cyambukiranya imipaka.

Umuyobozi mukuru wa gahunda y’umuryango w’abibumbye ishinzwe ibidukikije, Inger Andersen, yagize ati: “Niba tudafashe ingamba zo guhagarika no guhindura uko ihumana ry’ikirere ritera abantu miliyoni 7 bapfa imburagihe buri mwaka, mu 2050, uyu mubare urashobora bishoboka. Ongera hejuru ya 50%. ”

Raporo irahamagarira ibihugu byinshi gushyiraho amategeko n'amabwiriza akomeye y’ubuziranenge bw’ikirere, harimo kwandika amategeko akomeye y’imyuka ihumanya ikirere mu ngo no hanze y’amategeko, kunoza uburyo bw’amategeko bwo kugenzura ireme ry’ikirere, kongera umucyo, gushimangira cyane amategeko yubahiriza amategeko, no kunoza ibisubizo by’igihugu ndetse no Politiki nuburyo bwo guhuza ibikorwa byo guhumanya ikirere cyambukiranya imipaka.

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Raporo yashyizwe ahagaragara uyu munsi na gahunda y’umuryango w’abibumbye ishinzwe ibidukikije yerekanye ko amamiriyoni y’imodoka, amamodoka na bisi nto zoherezwa mu Burayi, Amerika n'Ubuyapani mu bihugu bikiri mu nzira y'amajyambere ubusanzwe bidafite ubuziranenge, ibyo bikaba bidatera gusa kwanduza ikirere. , ariko kandi bikabuza Imbaraga zo guhangana n’imihindagurikire y’ikirere. Raporo irahamagarira ibihugu byose kuziba icyuho cya politiki kiriho, guhuza ibipimo ngenderwaho byibuze by’imodoka z’imodoka, no kureba ko imodoka zitumizwa mu mahanga zitumizwa mu mahanga zifite isuku kandi zifite umutekano uhagije.

Iyi raporo yiswe “Imodoka zikoreshwa n’ibidukikije-Incamake ku isi ku binyabiziga byoroheje bikoreshwa: Flow, Scale, and Amabwiriza”, ni raporo ya mbere y’ubushakashatsi yigeze gutangazwa ku isoko ry’imodoka zikoreshwa ku isi.

Raporo yerekana ko hagati ya 2015 na 2018, miliyoni 14 zose z’imodoka zoroheje zoherejwe mu mahanga ku isi. Muri byo, 80% bagiye mu bihugu byinjiza amafaranga make kandi yo hagati, naho abarenga kimwe cya kabiri bajya muri Afurika.

Umuyobozi mukuru wa UNEP, Inger Andersen, yavuze ko gusukura no kuvugurura amato ku isi ari cyo gikorwa cy'ibanze cyo kugera ku bwiza bw’ikirere ku isi ndetse no mu karere ndetse n’intego z’ikirere. Mu myaka yashize, imodoka nyinshi n’ibindi byinshi byoherejwe mu bihugu byateye imbere mu bihugu bikiri mu nzira y'amajyambere, ariko kubera ko ubucuruzi bujyanye ahanini butagengwa, ibyinshi byoherezwa mu mahanga ni ibihumanya imodoka.

Yashimangiye ko kutagira ibipimo ngenderwaho n’amabwiriza ari byo bitera guta imodoka zatawe, zanduye ndetse n’umutekano muke. Ibihugu byateye imbere bigomba guhagarika kohereza mu mahanga ibinyabiziga bitanyuze mu igenzura ry’ibidukikije n’umutekano kandi ntibikibereye gutwara ibinyabiziga, mu gihe ibihugu bitumiza mu mahanga bigomba gushyiraho ubuziranenge bw’ubuziranenge.

Raporo yerekanye ko ubwiyongere bwihuse bw’imodoka ari yo mpamvu nyamukuru itera ihumana ry’ikirere n’imihindagurikire y’ikirere. Kw'isi yose, imyuka ihumanya ikirere iva mu kirere itwara abagera kuri kimwe cya kane cy’ibyuka bihumanya isi. By'umwihariko, ibyuka bihumanya nk'ibintu byiza (PM2.5) na azote ya azote (NOx) bitangwa n'imodoka ni byo soko nyamukuru ihumanya ikirere.

Raporo ishingiye ku isesengura ryimbitse ry’ibihugu 146, isanga bibiri bya gatatu muri byo bifite urwego “rufite intege nke” cyangwa “intege nke cyane” za politiki yo kugenzura ibicuruzwa bitumizwa mu mahanga ku modoka zikoreshwa mu ntoki.

Raporo yerekanye kandi ko ibihugu byashyize mu bikorwa ingamba zo kugenzura (cyane cyane imyaka y’ibinyabiziga n’ibipimo by’ibyuka bihumanya ikirere) ku bicuruzwa bitumizwa mu mahanga bishobora kubona imodoka nziza zo mu rwego rwo hejuru zirimo ibinyabiziga bivangavanze n’amashanyarazi ku giciro cyiza.

Raporo yasanze mu gihe cy’inyigo, ibihugu bya Afurika byatumije mu mahanga umubare munini w’imodoka zikoreshwa (40%), zikurikirwa n’ibihugu by’Uburayi bw’iburasirazuba (24%), ibihugu bya Aziya-Pasifika (15%), ibihugu byo mu burasirazuba bwo hagati (12%) na Ibihugu byo muri Amerika y'Epfo (9%).

Raporo yerekanye ko imodoka ntoya yo mu bwoko bwa kabiri nayo izatera impanuka nyinshi zo mu muhanda. Ibihugu nka Malawi, Nijeriya, Zimbabwe, n'Uburundi bishyira mu bikorwa amabwiriza y’imodoka “zifite intege nke cyane” cyangwa “intege nke” nazo zifite impanuka nyinshi zo mu muhanda. Mu bihugu byashyizeho kandi bigashyira mu bikorwa amategeko agenga imodoka ya kabiri, amato yo mu rugo afite umutekano muke kandi impanuka nke.

Ku nkunga y’umuryango w’abibumbye ishinzwe umutekano wo mu muhanda n’izindi nzego, UNEP yateje imbere itangizwa rya gahunda nshya igamije gushyiraho ibipimo ngenderwaho by’imodoka ntoya. Ubu gahunda yibanze kuri Afrika mbere. Ibihugu byinshi bya Afurika (harimo na Maroc, Alijeriya, Côte d'Ivoire, Gana na Maurice) byashyizeho ibipimo ngenderwaho byibuze, kandi ibindi bihugu byinshi byagaragaje ko bifuza kwinjira muri iki gikorwa.

Raporo yerekanye ko hakenewe ubushakashatsi bwinshi kugira ngo turusheho gusobanura ingaruka z’ubucuruzi bw’ibinyabiziga byakoreshejwe, harimo n’ingaruka z’imodoka zikoreshwa cyane.